公司法务如何审查涉外销售合同(二):交付、付款、检验、质保与转让条款

周全 · 法律实务 · 首发于

公众号原文(新标签页)

引言

本文为“涉外销售合同审查实务”系列第二篇。上一篇从合同主体、文本结构、条款解释和适用规则入手,说明合同签署及解释阶段的基础审查方法;本文转入合同履行阶段。

交付条款确定卖方何时完成交货及转移风险,付款条款决定卖方何时取得价款,检验和质保条款则处理产品不符合约定时的判断及补救程序。买方还可能因融资、项目转让或者集团内部调整,要求将合同转让给第三方。如果这些条款之间缺少衔接,卖方可能已经交付并转移风险,却仍然收不到货款,或者因买方单方检验、质保调查和合同转让承担额外责任。本文从卖方审查视角出发,梳理上述条款的风险及修改方法。

一、交付(Delivery)的时间、边界与迟延责任

(一)长单合同只锁定价格和数量,没有锁定交付计划

长期销售合同如果锁定价格和数量,却允许买方根据业主方或者EPC项目进度随时调整交期,卖方将承担原材料价格、产能安排和库存积压风险。买方与其业主、融资方或者其他第三方之间的项目进度,也不应成为买方履行本合同的前提。

审查及修改建议:长期合同应同时锁定价格、数量和交付计划。买方要求调整数量或者交期的,应取得卖方书面同意,并相应调整价格、交付时间及已经发生的费用;买方的付款、接货及其他义务不以第三方履约、付款或者批准为条件。

示范条款(英文):

The quantity, price and Delivery Schedule set out in this Agreement are firm and binding. Buyer’s payment, acceptance of delivery and other obligations shall not be conditional upon any approval, payment or performance by the project owner, EPC contractor, financing party or any other third party. Any change requested by Buyer shall be subject to Seller’s prior written consent and an equitable adjustment to the price, Delivery Schedule and documented costs incurred by Seller.

示范条款(中文):

本合同约定的数量、价格和交付计划均具有确定性和约束力。买方的付款、接货及其他义务,不以项目业主、EPC承包商、融资方或者其他第三方的批准、付款或者履约为条件。买方提出的任何变更均须取得卖方事先书面同意,并相应调整价格、交付计划及卖方已经发生且有凭证证明的费用。

(二)交付、风险转移和所有权转移的界限不一致

涉外销售合同通常通过贸易术语确定交付地点、运输责任和风险转移时间。如果正文、订单和物流文件采用不同标准,或者将风险转移与所有权转移混为一谈,卖方可能在尚未收款时已经丧失产品所有权。

审查及修改建议:交付及风险转移应以合同约定的《国际贸易术语解释通则》(Incoterms® 2020)规则和指定地点为准;所有权(Title)在卖方收到全部货款后转移,不因产品交付或者风险转移而提前转移。

示范条款(英文):

Delivery of the Products shall be deemed completed when Seller delivers the Products in accordance with the applicable Incoterms® 2020 rule and named place specified in the relevant Purchase Order. Risk of loss shall pass in accordance with that rule. Title to the Products shall remain with Seller and shall pass to Buyer only upon Seller’s receipt of the full Contract Price for the relevant Products.

示范条款(中文):

卖方按照相关采购订单约定的Incoterms® 2020贸易术语及指定地点交付产品时,视为完成交付,产品灭失或者损坏的风险按照该贸易术语转移。相关产品的所有权在卖方收到该等产品的全部合同价款后方转移给买方,不因产品交付或者风险转移而提前转移。

(三)买方迟延付款,卖方的交付时间却不相应顺延

交付计划通常以买方按时支付预付款、发货款或者开立信用证为前提。如果付款迟延而交期不变,卖方将同时承担资金占用和迟延交付责任。

审查及修改建议:明确付款、信用证和付款保障是相应交付义务的前提。买方迟延完成前述义务的,交付时间按照实际迟延期间相应顺延,由此产生且有凭证证明的费用由买方承担。

示范条款(英文):

Seller’s obligation to deliver the Products is subject to Buyer’s timely payment of all amounts due and timely provision of any agreed letter of credit or payment security. If Buyer delays in performing any such obligation, the applicable Delivery Date shall be extended on a day-for-day basis, and Buyer shall reimburse Seller for the documented costs and expenses reasonably incurred as a result of the delay.

示范条款(中文):

卖方交付产品的义务以买方按时支付全部到期款项,并按约定及时提供信用证或者付款保障为前提。买方迟延履行任何前述义务的,相关交付日期应按照实际迟延期间逐日顺延,买方还应偿付卖方因此合理发生且有凭证证明的费用。

(四)迟延交付违约金和终止权缺少必要边界

迟延交付违约金应当设置宽限期、计算单位、计算基数和累计上限,并作为该项迟延的唯一金钱救济。构成迟延的交付标的原则上限于合同产品,不应将文件、数据或者质量检验要求一并视为产品迟延交付。

审查及修改建议:给予卖方七日宽限期,违约金按周计算,以迟延产品价款为基数,累计不超过该部分价款的百分之十。买方只有在迟延达到六十日,且卖方收到书面通知后三十日内仍未补救时,才能终止受影响部分;已经产生的迟延交付违约金应从终止赔偿中扣除。

示范条款(英文):

If Seller fails to deliver any Products by the applicable Delivery Date, Seller shall have a grace period of seven (7) days. Thereafter, Delay Liquidated Damages shall accrue at zero point five percent (0.5%) for each week or part of a week, calculated solely on the Contract Price attributable to the delayed Products, up to an aggregate maximum of ten percent (10%) of that amount, and shall constitute Buyer’s sole and exclusive monetary remedy for the delay. For purposes of this Clause, only the physical Products shall be treated as the subject of delivery; documents, data and completion of quality inspection requirements shall not be included in determining Delay Liquidated Damages or termination rights. Buyer may terminate the affected portion only if the delay continues for sixty (60) days and Seller fails to cure it within thirty (30) days after receipt of Buyer’s written notice. Any Delay Liquidated Damages paid or payable shall be deducted from the termination compensation.

示范条款(中文):

卖方未能在约定交付日期前交付产品的,享有七(7)日宽限期。宽限期届满后,迟延交付违约金按照每周或者不足一周百分之零点五(0.5%)计算,计算基数仅为迟延产品对应的合同价款,累计不超过该部分价款的百分之十(10%),并构成买方就迟延交付可以主张的唯一且排他的金钱救济。就本条而言,只有实体产品属于交付标的;文件、数据及质量检验要求的完成情况,不作为计算迟延交付违约金或者行使终止权的依据。只有迟延连续达到六十(60)日,且卖方收到买方书面通知后三十(30)日内仍未完成补救时,买方才能终止受影响部分。已经支付或者应付的迟延交付违约金应从终止赔偿中扣除。

二、付款(Payment)的期限、工具与收款保障

(一)付款期限和支付工具约定不明确

“发货前付款”如果没有确定的发货计划,或者分批交付却按照主合同签署日统一计算付款期限,均可能导致到期日无法确定。合同还应明确采用电汇(Telegraphic Transfer,T/T)还是信用证(Letter of Credit,L/C),不能只约定“买方通过银行支付”。

审查及修改建议:每笔款项均应对应明确的金额比例、支付工具、起算事件和期限。采用分批交付的,应按相应批次分别计算付款时间。

示范条款(英文):

Buyer shall pay ten percent (10%) of the Contract Price by T/T within seven (7) calendar days after execution of this Agreement. The remaining ninety percent (90%) attributable to each Batch shall be paid by T/T no later than seven (7) calendar days before dispatch of that Batch. Payment shall be made to the bank account designated by Seller in writing.

示范条款(中文):

买方应在本合同签署后七(7)个日历日内,通过电汇支付合同价款的百分之十(10%)。每一批次对应的剩余百分之九十(90%)价款,应在该批次发运前不少于七(7)个日历日通过电汇支付。全部款项均应支付至卖方书面指定的银行账户。

(二)信用证包含软条款或者受第三方履约影响

信用证如果以买方、业主方或者项目管理方出具证明为付款条件,卖方即使已经交单,也可能因无法取得相关文件而无法收款。买方与业主方之间的背靠背付款安排,不应转化为卖方承担的信用风险。

审查及修改建议:信用证应适用《跟单信用证统一惯例》(UCP 600),由双方认可的国际银行开立,并在首次发运前三十日到达卖方。信用证不得包含由买方或者第三方单方控制的付款条件,交付时间应以买方按期开证为前提。

示范条款(英文):

Any L/C issued under this Agreement shall be irrevocable, issued by an international bank acceptable to Seller, governed by UCP 600, and received by Seller no later than thirty (30) days before the agreed date of first shipment. The L/C shall not require any certificate, approval or confirmation controlled solely by Buyer, the project owner or any other third party. Any delay in issuance or receipt of the L/C shall extend the relevant Delivery Date on a day-for-day basis without liability to Seller.

示范条款(中文):

本合同项下的信用证应为不可撤销信用证,由卖方认可的国际银行开立,适用UCP 600,并应在约定首次发运日期前三十(30)日送达卖方。信用证不得要求提交由买方、项目业主或者其他第三方单方控制的证明、批准或者确认文件。信用证迟延开立或者送达的,相关交付日期按照实际迟延期间逐日顺延,卖方不因此承担责任。

(三)未约定逾期付款利息及交付顺延

仅约定买方“尽快付款”,或者为逾期利息设置过低上限,难以覆盖卖方的资金占用成本。逾期付款还应当与暂停交付、交期顺延和费用承担联动。

审查及修改建议:明确逾期利息的计算利率、起止时间且不设置累计上限;买方逾期付款时,卖方可以暂停交付,交期相应顺延,买方承担由此产生且有凭证证明的费用。

示范条款(英文):

Any amount not paid when due shall bear interest at the rate of [X]% per annum from the due date until the date of actual payment, without any aggregate cap. Seller may suspend delivery until all overdue amounts and accrued interest have been paid in full. The Delivery Date shall be extended on a day-for-day basis, and Buyer shall reimburse Seller for the documented costs and expenses reasonably incurred as a result of the delay.

示范条款(中文):

任何到期未付款项,自到期之日起至实际付清之日止,按照年利率【X】%计收逾期利息,且不设累计上限。卖方有权暂停交付,直至全部逾期款项及相应利息付清。交付日期按照买方实际迟延期间逐日顺延,买方还应偿付卖方因此合理发生且有凭证证明的费用。

(四)税费分担和调整依据不明确

关税或者其他税费发生变化时,合同应当明确税费种类及承担主体,不能只约定“由双方依法承担”。一方要求调整合同价款或者转由对方承担相关税费的,还应有具有最终法律约束力的行政或者司法决定作为依据。

审查及修改建议:各方自行承担对其收入、人员或者财产征收的税费;进出口关税、进口环节税费、清关费用及其他交易税费,按照合同约定的Incoterms® 2020贸易术语或者合同中的明确分工承担。税费调整以具有最终法律约束力的行政或者司法决定为依据。

示范条款(英文):

Each Party shall bear all taxes imposed on its own income, personnel or property. Import and export duties, import taxes, customs clearance charges and other transaction taxes shall be borne by the Party to which such costs are allocated under the applicable Incoterms® 2020 rule or expressly allocated under this Agreement. No Party may request an adjustment to the Contract Price or a reallocation of such costs unless supported by a legally final and binding decision or assessment of the competent Governmental Authority or court.

示范条款(中文):

各方自行承担对其收入、人员或者财产征收的税费。进出口关税、进口环节税费、清关费用及其他交易税费,由适用Incoterms® 2020贸易术语或者本合同明确约定的承担方承担。除非有权政府机关或者法院作出具有最终法律约束力的决定或者认定,任何一方均不得要求调整合同价款或者变更前述费用分担。

(五)境内主体签约时,货款抵销缺少限制

合同由中国境内主体签署并约定抵销权时,买方不应仅凭单方提出的违约金、索赔款或者其他争议金额直接扣减到期货款。否则,抵销条款可能成为买方迟延付款的工具。

审查及修改建议:买方能够抵销的金额应当没有争议,并经双方书面协议或者书面确认;相关金额到期后三十日仍未支付时,买方才能行使抵销权。任何争议金额均不得从到期货款中扣留或者抵销。

示范条款(英文):

Buyer may set off against any amount payable to Seller only an undisputed amount confirmed in a written settlement agreement or other written confirmation signed by both Parties and remaining unpaid for thirty (30) days after it becomes due. No disputed amount may be withheld or set off against any amount due to Seller.

示范条款(中文):

买方仅可就双方签署的书面结算协议或者其他书面确认中载明、没有争议且到期后三十(30)日仍未支付的金额,从应付卖方的款项中抵销。任何争议金额均不得从应付卖方的到期款项中扣留或者抵销。

三、检验(Inspection)、异议与拒收程序

(一)检验地点、标准和异议期限不明确

检验条款应当区分到货后的数量及外观检验与需要专业测试的技术检验。检验地点、适用标准和异议期限不明确,或者以买方主观判断作为唯一标准,都会使产品是否合格长期处于不确定状态。

审查及修改建议:明确检验地点和唯一适用标准。买方应在收货时立即检查数量及明显损坏,并在交付后十四日内就合理检验能够发现的短缺或者外观缺陷提出书面异议和证据;逾期未提出的,视为就该等事项完成验收(Acceptance)。

示范条款(英文):

Buyer shall inspect the Products for quantity, apparent damage and visible defects immediately upon receipt at the agreed Delivery Place. Any complaint concerning a shortage or defect discoverable by a reasonable inspection shall be submitted to Seller in writing, together with reasonable supporting evidence, within fourteen (14) days after Delivery. Failing such notice, the Products shall be deemed accepted with respect to quantity and apparent defects. Use, installation or processing shall constitute acceptance of the Products with respect to such matters.

示范条款(中文):

买方应在约定交付地点收货时,立即检验产品数量、明显损坏及可见缺陷。对于通过合理检验能够发现的短缺或者缺陷,买方应在交付后十四(14)日内向卖方提出书面异议并提供合理证据;逾期未提出的,视为买方已就产品数量及外观缺陷完成验收。买方使用、安装或者加工产品的,也视为其已就前述事项接受产品。

(二)到货检验与付款挂钩,拒收门槛过低

到货检验如果由买方单方控制并作为付款前提,买方可以通过延迟检验阻止付款。产品存在不影响主要功能的轻微不符,也不应当然触发整批拒收或者更换。

审查及修改建议:检验和验收不作为买方支付到期款项的前提。只有产品存在构成根本违约的重大不符合时,买方才能拒收受影响产品;拒收前应给予卖方核实和补救机会。

示范条款(英文):

Inspection or acceptance of the Products shall not constitute a condition precedent to Buyer’s payment of any amount when due. Buyer may reject only the Products affected by a material non-conformity that substantially prevents their intended use. Before any rejection, Buyer shall provide Seller with written evidence and a reasonable opportunity to inspect and verify the alleged non-conformity.

示范条款(中文):

产品检验或者验收不构成买方支付任何到期款项的先决条件。只有产品存在实质妨碍其预定用途的重大不符合时,买方才能拒收受影响的产品。拒收前,买方应向卖方提供书面证据,并给予卖方合理机会检验和核实所称不符合。

(三)补救措施和技术争议解决程序受买方单方控制

买方不应单方决定产品是否不合格、指定唯一补救方式,或者要求卖方对产品与其他设施的兼容性作笼统承诺。技术争议需要独立且双方能够参与的判断程序。

审查及修改建议:卖方在合理期限内核实问题后,可以根据缺陷情况选择维修、更换或者其他合理补救措施。技术争议由双方共同委托的独立技术专家处理,但不排除合同约定的仲裁或者诉讼程序;产品与买方其他设备的兼容性由买方负责验证。

示范条款(英文):

Upon receipt of Buyer’s complaint, Seller shall have a reasonable period to inspect and verify the Products and may, at its option, repair or replace the affected Products or take other reasonable remedial action. Any Technical Dispute shall be referred to an independent technical expert jointly appointed by the Parties. The expert process shall not prevent either Party from using the dispute resolution procedure under this Agreement. Buyer shall be responsible for verifying the compatibility of the Products with facilities, systems or equipment not supplied by Seller.

示范条款(中文):

卖方收到买方异议后,有权在合理期限内检验和核实相关产品,并可以根据缺陷情况选择维修、更换受影响产品或者采取其他合理补救措施。任何技术争议均应提交双方共同委托的独立技术专家处理,该专家处理程序不妨碍任何一方按照本合同约定提起仲裁或者诉讼。买方负责验证产品与非由卖方提供的设施、系统或者设备之间的兼容性。

四、质保(Warranty)期限与缺陷处理

(一)质保期限的起算受制于验收或者项目进度

质保期限如果从买方验收、项目并网或者最终客户投入使用之日起计算,起算时间将受买方及第三方控制。卖方可能在交付产品很久以后才开始承担质保责任。

审查及修改建议:质保期限及起算日应当明确,并与合同交付日期挂钩。买方验收、安装、调试、并网或者项目进度,不应推迟或者延长质保期限。

示范条款(英文):

The Warranty Period shall commence on the Delivery Date determined in accordance with the applicable Incoterms® 2020 rule and shall continue for the period expressly stated in Seller’s applicable Limited Warranty. The commencement or expiry of the Warranty Period shall not be postponed or extended by Buyer’s inspection, acceptance, installation, commissioning, grid connection, operation of the project or any act or omission of a third party.

示范条款(中文):

质保期限自按照适用Incoterms® 2020贸易术语确定的交付日期起算,并按照卖方适用的有限质保书明确约定的期间持续。买方检验、验收、安装、调试、并网、项目投运或者任何第三方的作为或者不作为,均不推迟质保期限的起算,也不延长质保期限。

(二)根因调查和责任认定由买方单方决定

产品缺陷的根因调查如果由买方或者其单方指定的机构完成,卖方可能无法参与调查方案、样品选择和判定标准。调查没有得出明确结论时,也不能反向推定卖方承担质保责任。

审查及修改建议:根因调查由卖方主导或者双方共同委托,调查方案、样品和判定规则应书面确定。只有明确的根因结论才能作为责任依据;任何一方仍可按照合同约定申请仲裁或者提起诉讼。

示范条款(英文):

Any root cause investigation shall be conducted by Seller or by an independent expert jointly appointed by the Parties. The investigation protocol, samples and determination criteria shall be agreed in writing before the investigation begins. No warranty liability shall be presumed solely because the investigation is inconclusive. Any finding may be reviewed through the dispute resolution procedure under this Agreement.

示范条款(中文):

任何根因调查均应由卖方实施,或者由双方共同委托的独立专家实施。调查开始前,双方应书面确定调查方案、样品和判定标准。调查未能得出明确结论的,不得仅以此推定卖方承担质保责任。任何一方均可按照本合同约定的争议解决程序对调查结论提出复核。

(三)质保费用没有范围和上限

质保措施除替换产品本身外,还可能涉及跨境运输、内陆运输、拆卸和重新安装。如果合同没有限制,卖方承担的附带费用可能远高于缺陷产品价值。

审查及修改建议:卖方承担的费用原则上限于替换产品的发送费用,不包括项目所在地内陆运输及拆装工程费用;确需承担附加费用的,累计上限不超过缺陷产品合同价值的百分之一百五十。

示范条款(英文):

Seller’s warranty costs shall be limited to the cost of the replacement Products and their shipment to the agreed Delivery Place. Seller shall not be responsible for inland transportation at the project location, removal, disassembly, installation or reinstallation costs unless expressly agreed in writing. In any event, Seller’s aggregate liability for such additional costs shall not exceed one hundred and fifty percent (150%) of the Contract Price attributable to the defective Products.

示范条款(中文):

卖方承担的质保费用限于替换产品本身及将其发送至约定交付地点的费用。除非双方另有明确书面约定,卖方不承担项目所在地的内陆运输、拆除、拆卸、安装或者重新安装费用。在任何情况下,卖方就前述附加费用承担的累计责任不超过缺陷产品对应合同价款的百分之一百五十(150%)。

(四)除外责任和序列缺陷认定标准不明确

外力撞击、极端天气、不当安装或者运维、正常磨损等非卖方原因造成的问题,应从质保责任中排除。序列缺陷还应同时限定适用期间、连续发生期间、合同供货范围和缺陷比例,不能仅凭个别产品出现相似问题认定整批产品存在缺陷。

审查及修改建议:质保书应完整列明除外责任。只有合同明确约定的期间、连续月份、供货范围和缺陷比例全部满足时,才能认定序列缺陷;缺少任一条件的,不适用序列缺陷责任。

示范条款(英文):

Seller shall have no warranty liability to the extent that any defect results from external impact, extreme weather, improper storage, installation, operation or maintenance, unauthorized modification, use contrary to Seller’s instructions, or normal wear and tear. No defect shall be treated as a Series Defect unless all applicable requirements concerning the Warranty Period, consecutive occurrence period, Products supplied under this Agreement and minimum defect ratio are expressly stated in the applicable Limited Warranty and have been satisfied.

示范条款(中文):

在缺陷因外力撞击、极端天气、不当储存、安装、运行或者维护、未经授权的修改、违反卖方说明使用或者正常磨损造成的范围内,卖方不承担质保责任。只有适用有限质保书已经明确约定质保期间、连续发生期间、本合同项下产品范围和最低缺陷比例,且前述条件全部满足时,相关缺陷才能被认定为序列缺陷。

五、合同转让(Assignment)与第三方履行

为对应英文条款,下文将Assignment称为“权利让与”,将transfer of obligations称为“义务转移”,将Novation称为“合同概括转让”。本章以“合同转让”统称前述安排。

(一)买方可以未经同意将合同转让给第三方

买方将合同转让给融资机构、项目业主、EPC承包商或者关联方,可能改变卖方实际面对的付款主体和履约主体。“受让方具有同等资信和履约能力”等概括条件,也不能替代卖方的书面同意。

审查及修改建议:买方转让合同权利、义务或者合同地位,均须取得卖方事先书面同意。受让方属于买方关联方、融资机构、项目业主或者EPC承包商的,不作例外处理;卖方同意转让也不当然解除原买方已经产生的责任。

示范条款(英文):

Buyer shall not assign, transfer, novate or otherwise dispose of any of its rights, obligations or contractual position under this Agreement, in whole or in part, including to any Affiliate, financing party, project owner or EPC contractor, without Seller’s prior written consent. Any purported assignment, transfer or novation made without such consent shall have no effect against Seller. Seller’s consent shall not release Buyer from any obligation or liability accrued before the effective date of the approved transfer unless Seller expressly agrees otherwise in writing.

示范条款(中文):

未经卖方事先书面同意,买方不得将其在本合同项下的任何权利、义务或者合同地位全部或者部分让与、转移、概括转让或者以其他方式处分给任何第三方,包括买方关联方、融资机构、项目业主或者EPC承包商。未经卖方同意实施的任何转让,对卖方不发生效力。除非卖方另行明确书面同意,卖方同意转让不解除买方在获准转让生效前已经产生的任何义务或者责任。

(二)第三方代付被解释为原买方退出债务关系

第三方代为付款、提供付款承诺或者加入债务,并不当然构成债务转移。卖方接受第三方付款的目的通常是增加收款保障,不是解除原买方的付款责任。

审查及修改建议:第三方付款仅在卖方实际、不可撤销地收到相应款项的范围内清偿买方债务。第三方作出付款承诺的,原则上作为新增保障;除非卖方明确书面解除,原买方继续承担全部合同义务。

示范条款(英文):

Seller’s acceptance of any payment or payment undertaking from a third party shall not constitute consent to an assignment, transfer or novation and shall not release Buyer from its obligations under this Agreement. A payment made by a third party shall discharge Buyer’s payment obligation only to the extent that Seller has actually and irrevocably received the relevant funds. Any third-party undertaking shall constitute an additional payment obligation unless Seller expressly agrees in a signed writing to substitute the third party for Buyer and release Buyer.

示范条款(中文):

卖方接受任何第三方支付的款项或者作出的付款承诺,不构成卖方同意合同让与、债务转移或者合同概括转让,也不解除买方在本合同项下的义务。第三方付款仅在卖方已经实际且不可撤销地收到相应资金的范围内清偿买方的付款义务。除非卖方签署书面文件明确同意由第三方替代买方并解除买方责任,第三方作出的付款承诺仅构成新增付款义务。

(三)合同转让同时导致保函或者担保权利被转让

合同转让涉及预付款保函、履约保函或者其他担保权利时,受益人、担保范围和索赔条件都可能发生变化。买方不能仅凭合同转让,将相关保函权利一并转给第三方。

审查及修改建议:任何担保或者保函项下权利的转让,均须取得卖方事先书面同意,并符合担保文件本身的转让条件;必要时还应取得担保人或者开证机构书面确认。

示范条款(英文):

No right or benefit under any guarantee, bond or other security issued in connection with this Agreement may be assigned or transferred by Buyer without Seller’s prior written consent and compliance with the transfer requirements of the relevant security instrument. Where required by that instrument, the written confirmation of the guarantor or issuing institution shall also be obtained before any transfer becomes effective.

示范条款(中文):

未经卖方事先书面同意,且未遵守相关担保文件规定的转让条件,买方不得转让本合同项下或者与本合同有关的任何担保、保函或者其他增信文件项下的权利或者利益。相关担保文件要求取得担保人或者开证机构书面确认的,任何转让在取得该等确认前不发生效力。

六、履行条款之间的衔接

审查交付、付款、检验、质保和合同转让条款时,应当沿着产品交付和价款回收的时间顺序,核对风险转移、付款条件、验收标准和后续质保责任是否一致,并确认合同主体发生变化时,原有付款、担保和追责安排不会落空。

发生迟延履行、第三方索赔或者其他履行障碍后,还需进一步审查由此触发的责任承担、免责和终止机制。下一篇《公司法务如何审查涉外销售合同(三):补偿、不可抗力、限责与终止条款》将讨论这些条款如何相互衔接。